Vaccination Is The Most Common Means Of Preventing...

History of vaccinations Vaccinations are the most common means of preventing childhood infectious diseases. The term vaccination is derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term originally devised by Edward Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 when he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox 1. In 1881, Louis Pasteur suggested that the term vaccination should be extended to denote the newer preparations that were being developed at that time 2. Louis Pasteur developed second generation of vaccines for cholera and anthrax 2 and since then there has been no looking back. Polio vaccination was developed in 1950s 3. Live attenuated vaccines were developed for measles, mumps and rubella during†¦show more content†¦Specifically, estimated combined series (primary and booster series of DTaP, polio, Hib, HepB, varicella, measles and PCV) vaccine coverage for children 19-35 months old in 2014 was 71.6% compared to 56.6% in 2010, which is a significant improvement, though it leaves plenty of scope for further improvement. It is important to achieve higher coverage of vaccinations to maintain herd immunity and prevent re-emergence of previously eradicated communicable diseases. Concept of herd immunity: is it waning? Herd immunity’ refers to the resistance of a group attacked by a disease because of the immunity of a large proportion of the members and the consequent lessening of the likelihood of an infected individual coming into contact with a susceptible individual 9. Herd immunity is achieved by mass immunization against communicable diseases 10. However, not all vaccines are equally effective in providing herd immunity. For instance, though mumps vaccine has been available for several decades, mumps continues to be highly prevalent in several regions of the world, likely due to waning immunity over time and inadequate immunization coverage. Studies suggest that vaccine coverage of almost 90-95% is required to attain effective herd immunity 11. Plans et al. 12 reported that the odds ratio for the

Governments and Intergovernmental Relationship Free Essays

Each state consists of a state government as well as local governments. In order for a state to be a well-oiled machine the two must work together to insure it is running well. In some instances the State will mandate rules and regulations that govern the whole state such as the drinking age or State highway speed limits. We will write a custom essay sample on Governments and Intergovernmental Relationship or any similar topic only for you Order Now Other times local cities will determine what is best for their city. You might have county that is a dry county, and the county next to it allows drinking. One example of how all the local governments work together for the good of the State would be the issue on water. Water is a major issue for a lot of states that face major droughts throughout the summer months and even into the winter months. One such state that seems to have some type of drought issue every year is the great state of Colorado. Currently Colorado according to The U.S Drought Monitor have drought issues ranging from exceptional which is very high, to abnormally dry as being more normal, but still falling under drought guidelines. The Governor in 2011 called for the development of a statewide water plan for the whole state in the next five years. Many different agency in Colorado are working together to come up with a solution to the drought problem The Colorado River Cooperative Agreement was set up to bring together both the Denver Water, the West Slope and soon to follow the Northern Water Conservancy district to work together to insure the Colorado continues to have an ample amount of water. Now that the State has recognized that drought is an issue they want every city to get on board to find a solution to this problem. Part of the plan that the state has taken to combat the drought problem is to have each city monitor their lakes and rivers and put registrations on how many times a week people can water. This year certain cities had to put  restrictions on watering days as they did not thing they had enough water. Fort Collins, Colorado put a restriction in early spring that allowed only three days a week of watering. Shortly after that the restrictions were lifted, but some cities still have some type of restriction in place. They also left some restriction on town along the foothill so that more water was able to reach the Eastern slopes where much of the states agriculture is grown. The advantage of the state and local governments working together is that it benefits everyone in the state. It also takes the burden off the agriculture industry when they restrict homes from water so much and give more to the farmers. If the state and local governments did not work together we would all but see the decimation of the farms out east as well as some town in the south. Colorado has shown other states that if the many governments can work together as one, they can insure a better quality of life for their citizens. How to cite Governments and Intergovernmental Relationship, Papers

Relationship Management Issues that LEGO Should Consider

Questions: 1.Using the Following Drivers of Strategic Relationships Describe how LEGO could leverage it competitive Positions with Companies or Organisations in Asia. 2. Assuming an Organisation with Businesses, in Childcare, Retail and Education, Proposes to form a Collaborative Relationship with LEGO, discuss five key Relationship Management Issues that LEGO should Consider when forging the Relationship. Answers: 1.Despite adopting the changes, LEGOs performance did not improve. As a matter of specification, there was a noticeable decline in the sales revenue. The major drive behind this was the lack of orientation for expanding the market size. Taking into consideration effective analytical tools, such as, value chain analysis would have benefitted the company to enjoy competitive advantage over the contemporary brands (Petty et al., 2015). Effective consideration of inbound and outbound logistics would beautify the internal environment. This would act as an additional assistance in penetrating into the external environment. This penetration is full of hurdles; therefore, possession of adequate resources would act as a savior in times of emergency. Within this, provision of training to the employees on effective utilization of the available resources nullifies the aspect of situational crisis for LEGO. This training would play an important role in enhancing the skills, expertise and knowledge of the employees (Worth, 2013). Capability in making practical application of the learnt skills would help the managers to establish relevancy with the exposed performance with the goals and objectives. Viewing it from another perspective, training would prepare the employees to deal with the potential risks and challenges confidently. This motive broadens the approaches of the personnel towards the risks, ranging from intense competition from the contemporary brands to excessive cash flows. Training and spontaneous response to these complexities would provide the access o LEGO to become the beneficiary of preserving the childhood (Armstrong et al., 2014). Continuous evaluation would help the managerial authority to assess the exposed performance in terms of the performance of the other brands. This evaluation possesses two connotations. On one hand, it would bring to the forefront the major drawbacks, which might influence the purchasing power of the customers. On the other hand, this evaluation would act as a cornerstone for the personnel of LEGO in terms of their professional development. Maintenance of consistency in the execution of this evaluation would bring noticeable improvements in the business activities as well as in the individual performance of the personnel. This consistency would lessen the frequency of mistakes, which enhances the confidence of the employees in terms of performing the basic tasks (Wisner, Tan Leong, 2014). These aspects would result in the preservation of the organizational values. 2.Partnership with Early Childhood Development Agency (ECDA) would act as a helping hand for LEGO in terms of upgrading their products and services. Consideration of several factors would result in the preservation of childhood. Effective adherence to the standards and codes of the regulatory framework would add a legal touch to the business activities of LEGO. This adherence would maintain the stability in the relationship between LEGO and ECDA. Researching the specific details about the agency would prove helpful for LEGO. This would contradict the aspect of situational crisis (Sheth Sisodia, 2015). This step would reflect the consciousness of LEGO to safeguard their sanctity. Gaining an insight into both the internal and external environment of ECDA would help the personnel of LEGO to indulge into partnership with ECDA. This consideration would help in developing quality childcare programs. Taking sponsorships for these programs would act as a savior for LEGO in times of emergencies. Prior to all these, consideration of financial flexibility would act as a wise step for LEGO in terms of entering into partnership with ECDA. Achievement of negative outcomes in this direction would act as a compromise with the nourishment needed by the children for their development (Baker, 2014). Viewing it from another perspective, presence of financial stability yet lack of inadequate resources is one of the challenges, which stalls the wish fulfillment of the children. Possession of efficient and effective management techniques need to be considered by LEGO for entering into partnership with ECDA. Management is the means, with which LEGO can bring improvements in the services. Maintaining checklists can be an efficient means. Consistent attitude in the application of these techniques would upgrade the performance of internal as well as external environment. Countering this, beautification of the internal environment would lead to the modification of the external environment (Baker, 2014). This consideration would help LEGO to expand their market size on a partnership ground. These considerations would pave the way of foreign market penetration for LEGO, Critically reviewing this, the action of GO can be considered as a push for the company in terms of altering their history. Further, Leg is the efforts, with which the company would step into the realm of success. References Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S., Kotler, P. (2014).Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Baker, M. J. (2014).Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Petty, J. W., Titman, S., Keown, A. J., Martin, P., Martin, J. D., Burrow, M. (2015).Financial management: Principles and applications. Pearson Higher Education AU. Sheth, J. N., Sisodia, R. S. (2015).Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge. Wisner, J. D., Tan, K. C., Leong, G. K. (2014).Principles of supply chain management: A balanced approach. Cengage Learning. Worth, M. J. (2013).Nonprofit management: Principles and practice. Sage.